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81.
82.
G.M. Kosmadakis D.C. Rakopoulos C.D. Rakopoulos 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(34):17955-17968
The cyclic variability in a spark-ignition (SI) engine is examined fueled with methane/hydrogen blends with the use of an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. A recent methodology is followed, which has been developed with the main aim at providing accurate predictions of the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) in a fraction of time. Instead of simulating several tens of engine cycles, the methodology is based on the numerical results obtained from just 5 cycles, which are then processed for developing suitable fitted correlations of the main parameters as a function of a normalized distance. The latter expresses the distance of the spheres of the initial flame within the computational cell at the spark-plug region with the local turbulent eddy, and provides a smooth transition from the laminar burning regime to the fully turbulent one. This sub-model is included in the ignition numerical approach and is applied here in a SI engine with 3 different hydrogen contents, 10%, 30% and 50%, and three equivalence ratios, 1, 0.8 and 0.7, showing that the COV of IMEP is well predicted compared to the available measured data. Other parameters of engine cycle variations are also examined, such as the distribution of the IMEP. The variability of NO (nitric oxide) emissions is also examined, showing that for the stoichiometric cases it follows a distribution similar to a normal (Gaussian) one, while for lower ratios it is positively skewed. Overall, the methodology seems to provide reliable results for the whole range of the operating conditions examined, while the next steps of this activity will focus on similar cases for engine with variable speed and load, with the final goal to include additional mechanisms that contribute to the engine cycle variations. 相似文献
83.
Vinícius D. Silva Rafael A. Raimundo Thiago A. Simões Francisco J.A. Loureiro Duncan P. Fagg Marco A. Morales Daniel A. Macedo Eliton S. Medeiros 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(5):3798-3810
The development of technologically efficient anodes for water oxidation is crucial to improve hydrogen production via water splitting. Electrodes based on metallic active sites dispersed in carbon matrices have been shown to be an attractive way to attain this goal. However, challenges remain to prevent catalyst agglomeration that otherwise can result in a decrease of performance over time.In this work, we report an alternative and efficient method to produce nickel-nickel oxide nanoparticles-embedded in carbon nanofibers (Ni–NiO/C), by the solution blow spinning (SBS) process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses show the carbon nanofibrillar matrix as a robust support, with well-dispersed nickel nanoparticles on the surface. The responses of the linear scanning voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrate how a small fraction of nickel on the fiber surface (≈1.2–5.3%) is enough to promote substantial improvement in performance (η = 278 and 309 mV vs RHE for 10 mA cm?2) and a significant turnover frequency (TOF) values of 1.38 (η = 278) and 1.30 s?1 (η = 309). These promising results are correlated with a large amount of Ni3+ present on the fiber surfaces, as identified by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). This work provides a low-cost and rapid preparation technique that can be extended for the manufacture of a wide variety of electrodes based on metals supported on carbon nanofibers. 相似文献
84.
85.
Caizhi Zhang Hao Liu Tao Zeng Jiawei Chen Pengfeng Lin Bo Deng Fujian Liu Yifeng Zheng 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(45):23489-23497
During the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), it always suffers from reversible performance loss caused by the oxidation of platinum catalyst on its electrode, which reduces the electrochemical active surface area. Short circuit method has been found to improve the performance of fuel cells by stripping of oxides and other adsorbed species from platinum, which needs systematical understanding the effective parameters of short circuit method on fuel cell performance. In this paper, the effects of different short circuit activation parameters (duration, interval, cycles, cut-off voltage, operating current) are carefully studied and analyzed during short circuit operations. In addition, the mechanism revealing how relevant parameters influence short circuit activations is deeply analyzed. The results show that five groups of activation parameters have obvious influence on the activation of fuel cell, indicating that the short-circuit activation effect can be optimized. Among these parameters, the short-circuit duration parameter have the greatest impact on activation, because the platinum hydroxides and oxides is gradually removed during short-circuit duration and results in a larger effective surface area of the platinum catalyst for the electrochemical reaction. However, the smallest impact is short-circuit interval. Another finding is that the five activation parameters are not independent, so the optimal activation parameter value needs to be analyzed in combination with the operating conditions. Finally, according to the activation principle, selection of appropriate short circuit activation parameters for application are proposed to further improve performance and fuel utilization by considering the safety of the stack. 相似文献
86.
Waheed Iqbal Mariam Batool Arslan Hameed Saghir Abbas Muhammad Arif Nadeem 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(49):25050-25059
Transition metal oxyhydroxides have been used as promising electrocatalysts for water splitting however, their catalytic activity is restricted due to low surface area and poor conductivity. Herein, we report novel composite FeOOH@ZIF-12/graphene composite as electrocatalyst for water oxidation, whereby ZIF-12 provide extra surface for the FeOOH dispersion whilst graphene act as excellent electron mediator. The composite shows a low overpotential value of 291 mV to attain a current density of 10 mA cm?2 and a low Tafel slope value of 78 mV dec?1. The catalyst offers a maximum current density of 101 mA cm?2, while it gives a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 0.031 s?1 at an overpotential of 291 mV only. The excellent activity and remarkable stability of composite is attributed to highly conductive and porous support. 相似文献
87.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(55):28078-28086
Interfacial hydrophobic/hydrophilic reaction fields significantly affect various reactions at the electrode surface. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) have been investigated on single crystal Pt electrodes modified with hydrophobic/hydrophilic cations and anion-exchange copolymers in alkaline solutions. In alkali metal hydroxide solutions, Pt (110) exhibits the highest HER/HOR activity in the low-index planes of Pt. On the low-index planes of Pt, the hydrophilicity of the alkali metal cation in the supporting electrolyte activates the HER/HOR depending on its hydration energy. Hydrophilic cations at the interface facilitate the extraction of hydrogen from the hydrated water. The modification of anion-exchange copolymers with a hydrophobic skeleton on Pt (110) further enhanced the HER/HOR activity. The hydrogen bonding network formed around the hydrophobic species facilitated the mobility of water molecules and the OH− as the reactant/product of the HER/HOR. Appropriately forming hydrophilic and hydrophobic reaction fields at the interface improved the HER/HOR activity. 相似文献
88.
《能源学会志》2020,93(2):496-507
Hydrocarbons could be used as the reductant for elimination of NOx emissions. Liquid petroleum gas, with higher carbon hydrocarbons and cheaper costs, may be of practical value as reducing agents. Due to the consumption of hydrocarbons by oxygen, the NOx reduction efficiency is significantly inhibited by oxygen in the flue gas. In this research, a novel rotary reactor, realizing the alternating cycle of adsorption zone and reduction zone, was proposed to overcome this negative effect. Co–Ce–Ti mixed oxide catalysts synthesized by a sol–gel method were tested in a simulated rotary reactor for NOx removal by liquid petroleum gas and characterized by SEM, BET, XRD and XPS. The results showed that catalysts exhibited better NO conversion efficiency at higher temperature but were highly susceptible to oxygen. Catalysts achieved nearly full removal of NOx from flue gas at 300 °C in a simulated rotary reactor, and 300 °C is considered to be the most optimum temperature with lower energy consumption and excellent flue gas purification performance. 相似文献
89.
Hanna Harrysson Birgitta Swolin Michael Axelsson Ingrid Undeland 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2020,55(6):2462-2471
Whole body saline-perfused rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was ice-stored for 4 weeks and compared with unwashed/washed minces from unbled and bled trout in terms of rancid odour, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and redness loss. Muscle from saline-perfused fish, which had 72% less total haem, was deficient in rancid odour during the whole storage, while bled (54% less haem) and unbled samples developed rancid odour already after ~4 and 2 days; higher intensity without bleeding. PV/TBARS also developed in the order unbled > bled > perfused samples; however, PV/TBARS were not as completely prevented as rancid odour after perfusion. Saline washing (3 × 3 volumes) of unbled mince removed 84% haem and yielded the second most stable sample while saline washing (1 × 1 volumes) destabilised unbled mince, despite 64% haem removal. Concurrent antioxidant removal during washing of minces obviously counteracted the effect of blood removal and washing fish mince with small volumes of solution should be used with great care. 相似文献
90.